Julia Ciążyńska,a, Janusz Maciaszek,a, Aneta Worska,a, Tomasz Bauza,b
aDepartment of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science,
Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
bSpecial School Complex No. 102, Poznan, Poland

Adam Michał Szulc,a, Elżbieta Sandurska,b
aFaculty of Health Sciences and Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
bFaculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland

Dorota Łoboda,a, Jarosław Ocalewski,a, Beata Ziółkowska,a, Szymon Kuliś,b
aKazimierz Wielki University of Bydgoszcz
bJózef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw

Anna Leś,a, Agnieszka Bołdak,b
aFaculty of Physical Education, Department of Tourism and Recreation, The Józef Piłsudski University of
Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
bFaculty of Physical Education, Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, The Józef Piłsudski University of
Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland

Jolanta Marszalek1,3,5,#, Natalia Organista2,3,5,#, Ferhat Esatbeyoglu4,5,
Louise E. Ashcroft5, Bartosz Molik1,3
1Department of Movement Teaching, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical
Education in Warsaw, Poland
2Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Jozef Pilsudski University of
Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
3Research Group no 4 at Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw “Physical activity and
sports for people with special needs”
4Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bozok University Yozgat,
Turkey
5World ParaVolley, Scientific Research Commission
#These authors contributed equally as the first authors

Aleksandra Stachoń,a, Jadwiga Pietraszewska,a, Anna Burdukiewicz,a
a Department of Biological Basis of Physical Activity, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland

Giovanni Esposito,a
aDepartment of Human, Philosophical and Education Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy

Rosario Ceruso,a, Giuseppe Giardullo,a, Giuseppe Di Lascio,a, Gaetano Raiola,a
aResearch center of Physical education and exercise digital Pegaso University, Naples, Italy

Karol Jaskulski,a,†, Patrycja Bobowik,a,†, Bartosz Wysoczański,a, Michal Starczewski,a
aFaculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
†These authors contributed equally as first author

Francesco Oliva,a, Francesco Cuozzo,b, Valeria De Cesare,b, Giuliano Sammaria,b,
Roberta Danieli,a, Nicola Maffulli,c,d,e
aDepartment of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life,
San Raffaele Open University of Rome, 00166 Rome, Italy
bDepartment of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery,
University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy
cFaculty of Medicine and Psychology, University Hospital Sant’ Andrea,
University La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
dSchool of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, UK
eBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, London E1 4DG, UK