Influence of Motor Abilities on Throwing Performance Across Motor Learning Stages in Physically Active Female Athletes

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different motor abilities on performance in shot put, discus,
and javelin among women, as well as the changes in their importance across different stages of motor learning.
Methods: Participants were 21 female athletes (age 20.4 ± 1.2 years, body weight 61.6 ± 8 kg, body height 168.5 ± 5.8 cm)
with recreational to developmental training backgrounds. Over five weeks, participants completed 15 training sessions.
Technical performance and motor abilities (deadlift, overhead medicine ball throw, 10m sprint, standing long jump) were
tested across three measurement points. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and multiple regression.
Results: The results showed that upper-body explosive strength was the main predictor of success in all disciplines, with
the strongest effect in the final stage (shot put β = .76; javelin β = .78). Maximal strength (deadlift) had a modest influence
initially but became significant in the final stage, particularly in shot put (β = .10, P < .001). Sprint speed and lower-body
strength had limited predictive value.
Conclusions: Motor abilities contribute differently to performance at various learning stages. In the early phases, technical
instruction and movement stabilization are essential, while upper-body explosive power becomes a decisive factor once
the technique is automated. These findings emphasize the importance of phased and individualized training adapted to the
discipline and the level of motor development.